Dry beans ( <scp> <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> </scp> L.) as a vital component of sustainable agriculture and food security—A review

The importance of legumes in sustainable cropping systems has been studied extensively. Among legumes, common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a rich world resource biodiversity with two centers domestication (Andes and Central America) over 10 major market classes cultivated globally. Common recognized as nutrient-dense, healthy food source due to their high protein, dietary fiber, minerals content also being resistant slowly digestible starch, which elicits lower glycemic response. Some bioactive compounds present reported mitigate cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyper-cholesterolemia, cancer. Dry bean production provide unique advantages that support sustainability, including low carbon footprint short growth cycle, facilitates crop diversification cover integration. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), characteristic promotes environmentally friendly through modest fertilizer use. Advances improve the upright plant architecture during last decades have enhanced options for direct harvest thereby reducing number equipment passes required. Overall, sustainability implications diversifying rotation using result reduced requirements unfriendly inputs buffering productivity under variable weather conditions. This review article covers beans' role agricultural (biodiversity, SNF, rotational diversity, management) nutrition security. Further discussion includes measures enhance dry breeding management practices by addressing biotic abiotic stresses (diseases, drought, temperature, waterlogging, conservation tillage).